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imperishable or those of perishable things are perishable. Further (11) there is the question which is hardest of all and most perplexing, whether unity and being, as the Pythagoreans and Plato said, are not attributes of something else but the substance of existing things, or this is not the case, but the substratum is something else,-as Empedocles says, love; as some one else says, fire; while another says water or air. Again (12) we ask whether the principles are universal or like individual things, and (13) whether they exist potentially or actually, and further, whether they are potential or actual in any other sense than in reference to movement; for these questions also would present much difficulty. Further (14), are numbers and lines and figures and points a kind of substance or not,Maillot Feyenoord Pas Cher, and if they are substances are they separate from sensible things or present in them? With regard to all these matters not only is it hard to get possession of the truth,Juventus Dres, but it is not easy even to think out the difficulties well.
Book III Chapter 2
(1) First then with regard to what we mentioned first, does it belong to one or to more sciences to investigate all the kinds of causes? How could it belong to one science to recognize the principles if these are not contrary?
Further, there are many things to which not all the principles pertain. For how can a principle of change or the nature of the good exist for unchangeable things, since everything that in itself and by its own nature is good is an end, and a cause in the sense that for its sake the other things both come to be and are, and since an end or purpose is the end of some action, and all actions imply change? So in the case of unchangeable things this principle could not exist, nor could there be a good itself. This is why in mathematics nothing is proved by means of this kind of cause, nor is there any demonstration of this kind-’because it is better,Maillot Ronaldo, or worse’; indeed no one even mentions anything of the kind. And so for this reason some of the Sophists,Billige SSC Napoli Drakt, e.g. Aristippus,Billiga Nike Free Run Herr, used to ridicule mathematics; for in the arts (he maintained),Maillot FC Metz Pas Cher, even in the industrial arts,Jalkapalloklubi Leverkusen Pelipaidat, e.g. in carpentry and cobbling, the reason always given is ‘because it is better, or worse,’ but the mathematical sciences take no account of goods and evils.
But if there are several sciences of the causes, and a different science for each different principle, which of these sciences should be said to be that which we seek, or which of the people who possess them has the most scientific knowledge of the object in question? The same thing may have all the kinds of causes,Jalkapalloklubi Liverpool Pelipaidat, e.g. the moving cause of a house is the art or the builder,Jalkapalloklubi Juventus Pelipaidat, the final cause is the function it fulfils, the matter is earth and stones, and the form is the definition. To judge from our previous discussion of the question which of the sciences should be called Wisdom, there is reason for applying the name to each of them. For inasmuch as it is most architectonic and authoritative and the other sciences, like slavewomen, may nlinks:
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